Nutritional losses: All countries - Maize - 2012

Nutrients lost (quantity)
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Energy (kcal)   268,594,671,372 1,053,859,132,879 7,147,522,091 989,039,579,659 100,377,416,545 1,172,502,128,228 - 167,491,295,167 407,789,362 393,198,002,524 1,207,416,717,031 - 8,683,425,546 47,935,677,280 4,115,517,728,239 - 12,851,227,683 1,268,437,028,512 417,589,334,882 5,339,044,104 2,366,247,228,820 22,475,608,180 - 286,234,488,130 2,420,320,226,044 970,362,959,974 5,241,425,455 803,017,498,387 32,931,534,902 9,889,059,212 5,629,446,760,870 394,915,057,768 87,015,790,207 48,333,647,821 42,937,690,445 1,285,622,904,751 162,417,521,899 - 4,039,415,681,338 959,144,968,826 1,879,968,250,142 1,768,733,506,208 808,660,554,280  
Carbohydrate (t)   57,058 223,872 1,518 210,103 21,323 249,076 - 35,580 86.6 83,527 256,493 - 1,845 10,183 874,263 - 2,730 269,455 88,709 1,134 502,664 4,775 - 60,805 514,151 206,135 1,113 170,586 6,996 2,101 1,195,869 83,892 18,485 10,268 9,121 273,106 34,503 - 858,097 203,752 399,363 375,734 171,785  
Protein (t)   6,010 23,581 159.9 22,130 2,246 26,236 - 3,748 9.1 8,798 27,017 - 194.3 1,073 92,088 - 287.6 28,382 9,344 119.5 52,946 502.9 - 6,405 54,156 21,713 117.3 17,968 736.9 221.3 125,963 8,836 1,947 1,081 960.8 28,767 3,634 - 90,385 21,462 42,066 39,577 18,094  
Fat (t)   2,671 10,480 71.1 9,836 998.2 11,660 - 1,666 4.1 3,910 12,007 - 86.4 476.7 40,928 - 127.8 12,614 4,153 53.1 23,532 223.5 - 2,847 24,069 9,650 52.1 7,986 327.5 98.3 55,983 3,927 865.4 480.7 427.0 12,785 1,615 - 40,171 9,538 18,696 17,590 8,042  
Fibre, total dietary (t)   5,416 21,252 144.1 19,945 2,024 23,644 - 3,378 8.2 7,929 24,348 - 175.1 966.7 82,992 - 259.2 25,579 8,421 107.7 47,717 453.2 - 5,772 48,808 19,568 105.7 16,193 664.1 199.4 113,522 7,964 1,755 974.7 865.9 25,926 3,275 - 81,458 19,342 37,911 35,668 16,307  
Calcium, Ca (t)   4.5 17.5 0.1 16.4 1.7 19.4 - 2.8 0.0 6.5 20.0 - 0.1 0.8 68.2 - 0.2 21.0 6.9 0.1 39.2 0.4 - 4.7 40.1 16.1 0.1 13.3 0.5 0.2 93.3 6.5 1.4 0.8 0.7 21.3 2.7 - 67.0 15.9 31.2 29.3 13.4  
Iron, Fe (t)   2.6 10.2 0.1 9.6 1.0 11.3 - 1.6 0.0 3.8 11.7 - 0.1 0.5 39.8 - 0.1 12.3 4.0 0.1 22.9 0.2 - 2.8 23.4 9.4 0.1 7.8 0.3 0.1 54.4 3.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 12.4 1.6 - 39.1 9.3 18.2 17.1 7.8  
Zinc, Zn (t)   1.3 5.2 0.0 4.9 0.5 5.8 - 0.8 0.0 2.0 6.0 - 0.0 0.2 20.5 - 0.1 6.3 2.1 0.0 11.8 0.1 - 1.4 12.0 4.8 0.0 4.0 0.2 0.0 28.0 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 6.4 0.8 - 20.1 4.8 9.3 8.8 4.0  
Folate, total (t)   0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.0 0.0 0.3 - 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 - 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  
Vitamin A (RAE) (t)   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  
Vitamin C (t)   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  

Data version 2.19.3

Nutritional losses

407,789,362 kcal 5,629,446,760,870 kcal

Energy (kcal)

86.6 t 1,195,869 t

Carbohydrate (t)

9.1 t 125,963 t

Protein (t)

4.1 t 55,983 t

Fat (t)

8.2 t 113,522 t

Fibre, total dietary (t)

0.0 t 93.3 t

Calcium, Ca (t)

0.0 t 54.4 t

Iron, Fe (t)

0.0 t 28.0 t

Zinc, Zn (t)

0.0 t 0.4 t

Folate, total (t)

Complete data

Specified to local conditions

Incomplete data

Some contextual data is missing

Minimal data

Postharvest loss profiles only

–No data

Not applicable or no data available

Nutritional losses

APHLIS postharvest loss figures have been combined with food composition data to determine the quantities of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), calories and micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C) lost annually due to postharvest losses of the different crops in each sub-Saharan African country.

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Annual recommended dietary intake datasets are then used to calculate the human impact of these crop postharvest losses of nutrients for each country, and for specific focal groups (e.g. women of reproductive age) within each country. A more detailed description of the nutritional postharvest loss and human impact calculation process will be made available shortly in Stathers et al.

Read more about how APHLIS estimates losses ›

Available metrics

Absolute value this shows the ‘absolute value' of the amount of the selected crop lost annually postharvest in either kcals (for energy value) or tonnes (for each of the macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) or micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C)).

Percentage loss (%) when 'Nutrients Lost %' dataview and 'Percentage loss (%)' metric are selected, this shows the cumulative % loss in weight of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), calories and micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C) lost annually due to postharvest losses in the selected country, crop and year combination. This figure is the same as the 'Percentage loss (%)' shown in the Losses table tab.

When any of the population group dataviews (for example, 'National Weighted Average Persons', 'Women of Reproductive Age', 'Children (7 months - 4 years)' and 'Percentage loss (%)' metric are selected, this shows what percentage of that population group's annual nutrient intake requirements of the selected nutrient/s was lost postharvest in the selected country, crop and year combination.

Data views

Nutrients Lost (quantity) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows the quantity of selected nutrients lost postharvest (in kcal or t) for selected crop, country and year combination.

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of nutrients lost postharvest for selected crop, country and year combination.

National Weighted Average (number of national weighted average persons) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average people from the selected country calculated based on the proportion of the population in each life-stage group in the selected country and their nutritional requirements. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national populations annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average person per country calculations). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'.  [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

Women of reproductive age (number of women 14-50 years) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average women of reproductive age (14-50 years) from the selected country calculated based on the nutritional requirements of women in this age range and the proportion of non-pregnant, pregnant and breastfeeding women in these life-stage groups per country. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national population of women 14-50 years olds’ annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average woman 14-50 years old, nutrient requirement per country calculations, which use the proportion of non-pregnant, pregnant and breastfeeding women in this age group). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'. [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

Children (number of children 7 months - 4 years) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average children between 7 months and 5 years old from the selected country calculated based on the nutritional requirements of children in these age ranges and their demographic proportions in the selected country. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national population of 7 month to <5 years old annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average 7 month to <5 years nutrient requirement per country calculations, which depend on demographic structure of the population). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'. [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

About the nutrients

When a country and a crop have been selected, the user can in the 'Nutrient' field select to view postharvest losses in terms of a specific nutrient (for example, Carbohydrate, or Zinc, or Vitamin A) by selecting the specific nutrient, or for all the nutrients simultaneously by selecting 'All items'.

All items selection of the 'All items' option in the Nutrient field produces a dataview with a table showing data for each of the nutrients listed below. Alternatively, by selecting a specific nutrient, for example, 'Carbohydrate', the Carbohydrate loss data for the selected crop for each province of the selected country is shown. 

Energy annual Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Active Physical Activity Level used from 4 year old life-stage group onwards using reference body weights based on healthy body mass index. [Source: Institute of Medicine (IoM), 2005]

Carbohydrate figures based on 62.5% of energy from carbohydrates, using FAO/WHO (2007) scientific update on carbohydrates in human nutrition, which recommends 50-75%E from carbohydrates [Source: FAO/WHO, 2007]

Protein figures based on per kg Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and reference body weights [Source: IoM, 2005]

Fat figures for life-stages of >1 years old use FAO guidelines of 20-35% of energy from fat [Source: FAO (2010)]. Figures for 0-12 month olds from IoM (2005).

Fibre, total dietary based on an adequate intake (AI) values of (14g fibre/1,000kcal/d) [Source: IoM, 2005]

Calcium, Ca figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Iron, Fe figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011], converted to reflect the assumption of 12% iron bioavailability in diets with some haem iron and vit C as per Nutrition for Developing Countries (NDC) (2015) assumptions.

Zinc, Zn figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011], converted to reflect the assumption of low zinc bioavailability in heavily cereal-based diets [Source: NDC, 2015; Governments of Australia and New Zealand, 2019]

Folate, total figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Vitamin A (RAE) figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) of retinol activity equivalents (RAEs) for specified lifestage group. 1 RAE = 1mcg retinol, 12 mcg beta-carotene, 24 mcg alpha-carotene, or 24 mcg beta-cryptoxanthin [Source: IoM, 2011]

Vitamin C figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Food composition tables

Food composition tables provide data on the amounts of the nutritionally important components of different foods and crops. Food composition data include energy values, and nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, dietary fibre, calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A and vitamin C.

However, different varieties of a crop may differ in terms of the relative amounts of nutrients they contain, due to genetic differences, additionally the soil and climate conditions during crop production can significantly influence the nutrient content of crops. To date, detailed data sets of the nutrient composition of different varieties grown under different conditions or in different locations are not available. To try and help account for some of the varietal difference between regions, the APHLIS nutritional postharvest loss (NPHL) tool uses data from four food composition tables to provide representative nutrient composition data for the focal crops, these are the Tanzania, West Africa, Lesotho, and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) datasets described below.  Depending on the country the user has selected, the food composition data from the Tanzania, West Africa or Lesotho dataset will be automatically selected based on geographical regions. If desired, the user can instead select one of the other food composition tables or the USDA table. Additional food composition tables or datasets can be added, please contact the APHLIS team regarding this. 

Tanzania, 2008 by selecting the Tanzania, 2008 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. Muhimbili University of Health and Allie Sciences, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Harvard School of Public Health, (2008). Tanzania Food Composition Tables. 272 pp. Compiled by Lukmanji, Z., Hertzmark, E., Mlingi, N., Assey, V., Ndossi, G., Fawzi., W.

West Africa, 2012 by selecting the West Africa, 2012 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. FAO, INFOODS, WAHO, Bioversity International, (2012). West African Food Composition Table (2012). pp 171. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2698b/i2698b00.pdf.

Lesotho, 2006 by selecting the Lesotho, 2006 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. Lephole, M.M., Khaketla, M.C., Monoto, M.E., (2006). Lesotho Food Composition Table. 1st edition. 127pp.

USDA, 2018 by selecting the USDA, 2018 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. USDA, (2018). National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy April 2018 Software v.3.9.4.4 2018-07-18

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