Nutritional losses: All countries - Maize - 2013

Equivalent number of people’s annual dietary requirements (number of national weighted average people)
Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Energy   1,125,458 977,352 4,777 1,222,658 135,209 1,399,977 - 175,201 486.5 469,004 1,511,876 - 10,270 80,779 4,934,433 - 15,613 1,343,427 521,401 21,465 3,331,801 60,461 - 287,618 3,121,872 1,046,306 16,427 1,050,594 38,331 11,010 6,171,244 196,005 197,321 20,008 90,937 7,213,428 193,010 - 3,463,888 534,835 2,155,142 1,894,963 766,252  
Carbohydrate   1,530,125 1,328,767 6,494 1,662,275 183,824 1,903,350 - 238,197 661.5 637,638 2,055,483 - 13,963 109,824 6,708,648 - 21,227 1,826,467 708,875 29,182 4,529,777 82,200 - 391,033 4,244,366 1,422,514 22,333 1,428,343 52,114 14,968 8,390,164 266,481 268,270 27,203 123,635 9,807,074 262,408 - 4,709,357 727,140 2,930,040 2,576,312 1,041,764  
Protein   1,791,102 1,542,141 7,378 1,938,043 214,507 2,207,959 - 278,222 767.0 738,736 2,400,287 - 16,178 126,273 7,752,154 - 24,769 2,104,635 820,853 33,777 5,236,989 94,267 - 453,412 4,942,834 1,667,416 25,774 1,663,894 59,845 17,606 9,751,427 307,780 311,770 31,518 144,949 11,123,103 303,710 - 5,490,876 841,767 3,433,583 3,000,323 1,207,774  
Fat   365,487 317,487 1,553 397,122 43,909 454,794 - 56,894 158.1 152,350 490,974 - 3,337 26,252 1,603,326 - 5,071 436,548 169,382 6,973 1,082,617 19,650 - 93,436 1,014,112 339,779 5,337 341,237 12,457 3,574 2,004,490 63,692 64,102 6,501 29,529 2,345,270 62,702 - 1,125,077 173,765 699,846 615,485 248,972  
Fibre, total dietary   1,631,158 1,415,301 6,903 1,771,172 195,953 2,027,053 - 253,943 704.4 679,203 2,191,212 - 14,862 116,834 7,140,492 - 22,621 1,943,625 754,937 31,077 4,821,021 87,433 - 416,430 4,520,895 1,516,495 23,775 1,521,894 55,444 15,975 8,939,077 283,580 285,703 28,962 131,825 10,420,496 279,445 - 5,017,869 774,155 3,123,837 2,745,115 1,108,869  
Calcium, Ca   50,509 44,657 229.2 55,309 6,127 64,087 - 7,877 22.3 21,555 68,162 - 470.7 3,761 226,990 - 705.9 62,494 23,910 986.7 153,651 2,828 - 13,169 141,598 46,847 761.6 47,422 1,791 488.5 281,577 9,034 8,994 917.0 4,089 347,052 8,860 - 156,692 24,591 96,534 85,895 35,205  
Iron, Fe   2,664,526 2,337,186 11,677 2,898,785 323,451 3,336,402 - 408,119 1,165 1,117,834 3,570,314 - 24,639 195,636 11,928,916 - 37,211 3,260,022 1,242,664 51,343 8,062,865 148,822 - 688,875 7,472,943 2,460,951 39,732 2,494,576 92,922 25,564 14,581,395 472,792 472,386 47,747 216,574 18,127,676 463,301 - 8,270,959 1,284,853 5,079,074 4,498,975 1,841,917  
Zinc, Zn   1,372,132 1,190,273 5,805 1,488,893 164,952 1,702,954 - 212,905 592.4 569,796 1,840,111 - 12,495 98,503 6,008,933 - 19,041 1,636,458 633,574 26,136 4,057,210 73,786 - 350,239 3,803,485 1,274,057 19,987 1,280,373 46,736 13,400 7,501,218 238,701 240,701 24,337 111,046 8,788,078 234,824 - 4,221,721 650,671 2,625,684 2,307,481 935,177  
Folate, total   667,207 579,588 2,829 724,617 80,257 830,104 - 103,487 288.6 278,275 895,130 - 6,095 47,883 2,931,443 - 9,268 797,839 308,847 12,715 1,981,204 35,915 - 170,596 1,854,974 620,091 9,756 621,803 22,710 6,505 3,654,277 116,233 116,997 11,865 54,112 4,289,571 114,487 - 2,055,527 317,467 1,278,174 1,123,860 454,935  
Vitamin A (RAE)   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  
Vitamin C   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  

Data version 2.19.3

Nutritional losses

22.3 people 18,127,676 people

Nutritional Loss

Complete data

Specified to local conditions

Incomplete data

Some contextual data is missing

Minimal data

Postharvest loss profiles only

–No data

Not applicable or no data available

Nutritional losses

APHLIS postharvest loss figures have been combined with food composition data to determine the quantities of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), calories and micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C) lost annually due to postharvest losses of the different crops in each sub-Saharan African country.

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Annual recommended dietary intake datasets are then used to calculate the human impact of these crop postharvest losses of nutrients for each country, and for specific focal groups (e.g. women of reproductive age) within each country. A more detailed description of the nutritional postharvest loss and human impact calculation process will be made available shortly in Stathers et al.

Read more about how APHLIS estimates losses ›

Available metrics

Absolute value this shows the ‘absolute value' of the amount of the selected crop lost annually postharvest in either kcals (for energy value) or tonnes (for each of the macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) or micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C)).

Percentage loss (%) when 'Nutrients Lost %' dataview and 'Percentage loss (%)' metric are selected, this shows the cumulative % loss in weight of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), calories and micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C) lost annually due to postharvest losses in the selected country, crop and year combination. This figure is the same as the 'Percentage loss (%)' shown in the Losses table tab.

When any of the population group dataviews (for example, 'National Weighted Average Persons', 'Women of Reproductive Age', 'Children (7 months - 4 years)' and 'Percentage loss (%)' metric are selected, this shows what percentage of that population group's annual nutrient intake requirements of the selected nutrient/s was lost postharvest in the selected country, crop and year combination.

Data views

Nutrients Lost (quantity) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows the quantity of selected nutrients lost postharvest (in kcal or t) for selected crop, country and year combination.

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of nutrients lost postharvest for selected crop, country and year combination.

National Weighted Average (number of national weighted average persons) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average people from the selected country calculated based on the proportion of the population in each life-stage group in the selected country and their nutritional requirements. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national populations annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average person per country calculations). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'.  [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

Women of reproductive age (number of women 14-50 years) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average women of reproductive age (14-50 years) from the selected country calculated based on the nutritional requirements of women in this age range and the proportion of non-pregnant, pregnant and breastfeeding women in these life-stage groups per country. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national population of women 14-50 years olds’ annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average woman 14-50 years old, nutrient requirement per country calculations, which use the proportion of non-pregnant, pregnant and breastfeeding women in this age group). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'. [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

Children (number of children 7 months - 4 years) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average children between 7 months and 5 years old from the selected country calculated based on the nutritional requirements of children in these age ranges and their demographic proportions in the selected country. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national population of 7 month to <5 years old annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average 7 month to <5 years nutrient requirement per country calculations, which depend on demographic structure of the population). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'. [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

About the nutrients

When a country and a crop have been selected, the user can in the 'Nutrient' field select to view postharvest losses in terms of a specific nutrient (for example, Carbohydrate, or Zinc, or Vitamin A) by selecting the specific nutrient, or for all the nutrients simultaneously by selecting 'All items'.

All items selection of the 'All items' option in the Nutrient field produces a dataview with a table showing data for each of the nutrients listed below. Alternatively, by selecting a specific nutrient, for example, 'Carbohydrate', the Carbohydrate loss data for the selected crop for each province of the selected country is shown. 

Energy annual Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Active Physical Activity Level used from 4 year old life-stage group onwards using reference body weights based on healthy body mass index. [Source: Institute of Medicine (IoM), 2005]

Carbohydrate figures based on 62.5% of energy from carbohydrates, using FAO/WHO (2007) scientific update on carbohydrates in human nutrition, which recommends 50-75%E from carbohydrates [Source: FAO/WHO, 2007]

Protein figures based on per kg Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and reference body weights [Source: IoM, 2005]

Fat figures for life-stages of >1 years old use FAO guidelines of 20-35% of energy from fat [Source: FAO (2010)]. Figures for 0-12 month olds from IoM (2005).

Fibre, total dietary based on an adequate intake (AI) values of (14g fibre/1,000kcal/d) [Source: IoM, 2005]

Calcium, Ca figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Iron, Fe figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011], converted to reflect the assumption of 12% iron bioavailability in diets with some haem iron and vit C as per Nutrition for Developing Countries (NDC) (2015) assumptions.

Zinc, Zn figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011], converted to reflect the assumption of low zinc bioavailability in heavily cereal-based diets [Source: NDC, 2015; Governments of Australia and New Zealand, 2019]

Folate, total figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Vitamin A (RAE) figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) of retinol activity equivalents (RAEs) for specified lifestage group. 1 RAE = 1mcg retinol, 12 mcg beta-carotene, 24 mcg alpha-carotene, or 24 mcg beta-cryptoxanthin [Source: IoM, 2011]

Vitamin C figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Food composition tables

Food composition tables provide data on the amounts of the nutritionally important components of different foods and crops. Food composition data include energy values, and nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, dietary fibre, calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A and vitamin C.

However, different varieties of a crop may differ in terms of the relative amounts of nutrients they contain, due to genetic differences, additionally the soil and climate conditions during crop production can significantly influence the nutrient content of crops. To date, detailed data sets of the nutrient composition of different varieties grown under different conditions or in different locations are not available. To try and help account for some of the varietal difference between regions, the APHLIS nutritional postharvest loss (NPHL) tool uses data from four food composition tables to provide representative nutrient composition data for the focal crops, these are the Tanzania, West Africa, Lesotho, and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) datasets described below.  Depending on the country the user has selected, the food composition data from the Tanzania, West Africa or Lesotho dataset will be automatically selected based on geographical regions. If desired, the user can instead select one of the other food composition tables or the USDA table. Additional food composition tables or datasets can be added, please contact the APHLIS team regarding this. 

Tanzania, 2008 by selecting the Tanzania, 2008 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. Muhimbili University of Health and Allie Sciences, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Harvard School of Public Health, (2008). Tanzania Food Composition Tables. 272 pp. Compiled by Lukmanji, Z., Hertzmark, E., Mlingi, N., Assey, V., Ndossi, G., Fawzi., W.

West Africa, 2012 by selecting the West Africa, 2012 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. FAO, INFOODS, WAHO, Bioversity International, (2012). West African Food Composition Table (2012). pp 171. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2698b/i2698b00.pdf.

Lesotho, 2006 by selecting the Lesotho, 2006 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. Lephole, M.M., Khaketla, M.C., Monoto, M.E., (2006). Lesotho Food Composition Table. 1st edition. 127pp.

USDA, 2018 by selecting the USDA, 2018 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. USDA, (2018). National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy April 2018 Software v.3.9.4.4 2018-07-18

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